Most utility grids operate at a nominal frequency of 50Hz or 60Hz. The inverter’s AC output must cycle at the same rate as the grid frequency to prevent power fluctuations and potential equipment damage.
After 14 s, setting G u =0, system switches to conventional DC voltage based GFM control (case 3). Then grid frequency steps to 50.05 Hz after t=15s, PV inverter responses to grid frequency variation and settles down according to the droop value with 10 × 0.05/50=0.01MW.
The voltage feedforward controller G u can be adopted in the synchronization unit to make PV inverter stable in strong grid like the HS-GFM control for power based GFM in , , , . Therefore, angular frequency can be expressed as (3) with ω B =100 π rad/s. (3) θ = ω B [G p (u d c u d c r e f) + G u u q c + 1] s
For safe and reliable integration with the electric grid, the solar inverter must precisely synchronize its AC output with the grid’s voltage, frequency, and phase characteristics. This process, known as grid synchronization, is essential for ensuring a stable power flow, preventing equipment damage, and maintaining grid stability.
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