Passey et al. have categorised the term ‘voltage fluctuation’ arising from PV systems into: voltage imbalance (three phase voltage), voltage rise leading to reverse power flow (load side voltage larger than the upstream voltage) and power output fluctuations (due to PV variability).
The main causes of voltage fluctuation are pulsed-power output, resistance welders, start-up of drives, arc furnaces, drives with rapidly changing loads, and rolling mills. Flicker. Flicker (Fig. 1.12) has been described as “continuous and rapid variations in the load current magnitude which causes voltage variations.”
Voltage fluctuation is considered as a major power quality problem. It can affect motor starting, speed and causes disturbances to the applications driven by the affected motors which can lead to equipment temperature rise and motor overloading. Therefore, it affects the production, machine service life and thus increases economic losses.
To limit the voltage fluctuations, it is essential to limit the ramp rate. Many grid codes such as PREPA (Zhong et al., 2021) have suggested a ramp rate limit of 10 % of PV-rated capacity per minute to negate the harmful impact caused by PV fluctuation into the utility grid.
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