The base station height must be higher than the surrounding low- to mid-rise buildings to ensure optimal signal coverage, excluding high-rise buildings. Therefore, the minimum height of the base station is set to the average height of the surrounding low- to mid-rise buildings. (13) h m e a n ≤ h s u f ≤ 40
Per ITU-R P.1410 recommendations, base station antenna heights typically range between 15-60 meters. Urban deployments favor 25-35m, rural coverage requires 40-55m, while 5G mmWave systems operate efficiently at 15-25m. Critical factors include propagation models, terrain, and frequency bands.
To prevent interference, the minimum distance between any two stations is set at 250 meters. Each base station has a coverage radius of 170 meters. Most areas are covered. However, areas with very dense buildings and areas beyond the coverage are not covered.
A Fuzzy Candidate Point Selection method was also developed to determine the optimal location of the flying base station. Parvaresh et al. proposed an algorithm based on Actor-Critic Deep Q-Learning for deployment of UAV base stations in 3-D space, aiming to maximize the throughput of the network, i.e., the total user data rate.
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