Besides, the partial rest of solar energy that passes through the transparent or opaque building envelope, either directly or indirectly, is known as solar gain (or solar heat gain). Solar gain is a critical parameter of building performance, especially in the early phases of design .
Solar gain is commonly treated as “the most influential disturbance for short-term purposes” in buildings'' internal thermal dynamics, and “constitutes a significant portion of peak cooling load and annual energy consumption in buildings” .
Specifically, the solar gains of a building are commonly formulated as in Eq. (20) based on this constant gA assumption, where G H I t is the global horizontal radiation, in W/m 2, and gA [m 2] denotes the solar aperture or solar gain coefficient for the entire building (Table 1). (20) S g t = g A ∙ G H I t
The main approaches for characterizing dynamic solar gains in buildings are summarized. The three main approaches are measurement, simulation, and data-driven modeling. Existing disadvantages in the three main approaches are analyzed. Data-driven modeling is a cost-efficient approach compared to the other two methods.
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